مجله مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی
پیاپی 35 (تابستان 1395)

Rural – urban links between cities and countries are provided because of various streams such as data, investment, technology and innovation. Thus, it is referred to city as rural development motor. Despite various economical – social streams between countries and Astara, there hasnt formed positive rural – urban connection from 1370 associated by rural development goal. But it seems that after providing relations between Iran and Azerbaijan from Astara border, traditional and simple relations of country and city has improved to rural – urban connections with a two – strains performance. The goal of this study is realization of types of relations between Astara and surrounding villages and analysis of underlying elements of rural – urban links. Statistical population is the villages having residents of Astara, 62 villages. Mass of sample is 24 countries or 38% of all of the villages. Analysis of data has done by SPSS software Results of research suggested decrease of migration of villages to urban part of Astra in recent 2 years; and also the relationship of Iran from land border has caused development of traffic of rural people to urban part, increase of telecommunications, increase of mutual understanding of village and city residents. And in economical phase, caused improvement in income situation, increase of mutual understanding of village and city residents. And in economical phase, caused improvement in income situation, providing new carriers and trade activities, formation of border bazaars, development of foreign trade, transition and services. Also factors such as suitcase trade and villager's contribution in urban economy have provided rural – urban links with a two-strains performance. Villager's contribution such as villager women has developed economical nets and improvement of bazaar, import and export section, transition in urban point, development of rural tourism, increase of tendency of land purchase, foundation of second houses and reverses migration in rural points and results suggests revolution of relationships from simple and traditional status to rural – urban links with a two-strains performance which improvement of these relations has been effective in rural development of region.

Land use and land cover diversity and difference on one hand and changes in destruction of green space of the urban landscape as a result of increasing population and expanding dense urban areas on the other hand would result in change in energy balance, heat accumulation and temperature patterns in urban areas. Thus, the analysis of user relationships and the influence of land cover on slopes temperature can influence each other and play an important role in urban management. In this study, the thermal patterns in Kermanshah, a city in west of Iran as the main center of population which is faced with a growing population and high rates of immigration was studied. The purpose of this study is to extract heat patterns and land use in urban areas using remote sensing data. Therefore, classification of land cover classification based on the maximum likelihood algorithm is applied and the land surface temperature from TM sensor Landsat satellite images using to date: 31 August 2011 was measured. The results represented five temperature ranges and three residential users, vegetation and barren derived from the city in which barren land use, residential and vegetation temperature range of 30-36 ° C and 16-22 and 25-26 have occupied the largest area data.

Theoretical analysis and measuring capability of urban planning systems in various countries with comparative research methods, have good outcomes for cities. The goal of this study is to analyze the structure of forming and the content of five years of municipality’s plans in Iran and other countries with same usage of these plans. The methodology of research is based on process-oriented evaluation and also studying application basis of these plans with each other. This study has used mentioned approaches and with review of main and supplementary approved plans, focuses on five year municipal plans of the Qom metropolis in Iran and integrated development plan of Johannesburg (IDP) in South Africa as a case study. The finding of this study indicated the qualitative distance between these two kinds of the planning system in Iran with an African country which has unique characters like urban poor’s. Integration of urban plans and urban management system, having a simultaneous view to quantity indexes and quality of plans with Performance management system are the most important advantages of Johannesburg to Qom metropolis in this area of medium-time planning. Furthermore, weakness of content in comparison with structure form of plans is Sensible in Iranian case.

Todays, most of the researchers and scientists consider agricultural development as the main strategy for the rural development and believe that as the main source of income and an employment opportunity, agriculture plays a key role in rural development. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and evaluate rural development given the state of the agricultural sector and how the two systems (rural development and agricultural development) interact and influence on each other, which was conducted as a case study in rural areas of Zarrindasht. The study is conducted in the form of applied research and the method used is descriptive - analytic and the data collection is based on the use of questionnaires and interviews. The population of the investigation is the heads of rural households in 23 villages is the city of Zarrindasht. Using Cochran Formula, a sample of 348 people were calculated and selected through stratified sampling. The villages are selected based on the number of occupants in agriculture. Reliability of the questioners was calculated at a rate of 0/75 using Cronbach's alpha. In addition, the Factor analysis was used to analyze the date. The results of the analysis shows that the effects on the economic, tourism and physical conditions are the most important impact of agriculture on rural development and the factor of services and agricultural technology is the most important impact of rural development on the status of agriculture. Also, there is a significant and positive correlation between rural development and agricultural development of the level of farmer's agricultural information in the sense that improvement of one factor leads that the other factors to improve.

Tourism is one of the main sources of national income in developed countries and some developing countries. Many developed and developing countries understanded the role of tourism industry in the economic cycle, social, cultural, and political communication of human’s activity and dynamic industry without pollution Priority actions have been leading the country. The purpose of this research is study and formulating strategic planning of the tourism industry In line with economic growth and development in the kiasar cities of mazandaran province. Literature reviews is collected from documental-library and survey. Research methodologies is also descriptive analysis and using a SWOT model (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats points’) of tourism development was identified and appropriate strategies for the development of tourism in the region was formulated. The research results show, spite of many ecotourism attractions, Kiasar unable to use the opportunities that ahead in contex of economic progress. The main weaknesses are lack of comprehensive planning of tourism development, weakness of management and lack of investment in this field is required. The Aggressive strategies was considered for the development of tourism in Kiasar deal with developing appropriate planning system to provide security in the region, easy access to the culture and finally attention to local customs of people.

Unreasonable and disproportionate focus in the areas of biological resources, economic development - socially unequal geographical areas will follow. Something that is reflected in their diverse geographical landscape and urban growth can be found. The urban network in such a process is unbalanced performance. To create balance and to shape adequate and homogeneous spaces discuss regional planning, economic inequality of knowledge, social and cultural areas are different. The aim of this study was to identify the current model of the spatial distribution of educational development in the city of Kerman province. The research is applied and the method of cross-examination. The research data were collected from the Statistical Yearbook of Kerman province in 1390, And by software, EXCEL, GIS, and also methods TOPSIS, VIKOR, SAW and using the results of three models are combined Kaplan. The results show that the spatial distribution of educational development in the province of Kerman has been very uneven and is in stark contrast to the space justice. This inequality has occurred in the geographical area and population. Longitude most developed city in the north of the province are located. The population of the city has been the development of further training that have more population.

Agriculture is the essential component of providing food requirements of a society and the determinant element in getting free from all imported goods. In this field, producing essential oil is valuable economically, and is important in food industry. In this study, using 16 parameters for zoning olive cultivation is used for the 12-parameter climate over the course of 20 years (1990-2010) of 14 synoptic station of the five stations within the region and 9 stations as stations auxiliary and 4 parameters, land use has been . contracted through Mazandaran Meteorology Organization geology and geography and natural resources of the province were collected. were then required to prepare a database.. The research methods is synthetic- analytic and ARC GIS10 graphic software, and Choice expert and spss basic statistics have been used in analyzing the data. also Geostatistic , Kriging and IDW methods have been used in zoning of effective climatologic factors in planting olive trees and determine optimal model from semivariogram was selected. Also to overlay and extract influence wightes from Analytical Hierarchy Process( AHP) and INDEX OVERLAY models have been applied in location. The results indicate that simple and ordinary Kriging with three function circular, spherical, exponential and Gousian models has been choisen. Also by comparing the maps and extracting talented areas in planting olive , the results indicate that 3944.124 h of west Mazandaran zone includes plenty to extraordinary importance and power and 28396.26 h includes plenty importance and power, 132906.7 h is powerful - much powerful and importance and 353788.2 h is much important. This results implicates the zone talent in involving Climate conditions in planting olive tree.

Parking is one of the most important urban infrastructures that have a major role in reducing Marginal Park and trafficflow.Nowadays in the megacities due to land and space constraints with creation public parkingapply optimal management to increase services of large content of vehicles,Public parking when can be sufficiently aware effective that have optimal geospatial site selection. Now, Rasht city and transport network its, is encountered with main problem the lack of parking for residential users and other usersand perform the work, regardless of the land use has caused that this problem will occur slowly as a urban problems.This problem in crowded places,that urban multi land use, especially have administrative - business and leisure land usemanifests itself in the form of a serious.since Rasht havent highway network.in addition to the regional transit it is open to shipping through other parts of the province and non-optimal positioning of the existing parking is on of the main problems in the city.In this study, for optimal site selection of public parkingfor greater efficiency the study area.Initially, was preliminary study to identify influencing factors for optimal Parking site selection, Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)Weighting factors were takenand Finally, using a geographic information system (GIS)were proposed appropriate zones for the construction of public parking.

Zanjan has many faults due to its severe tectonic activity in geology areas. According to conducted studies on Zanjan, this county has three separated areas in earthquake occurrence term including high danger widths, average danger widths and low danger widths. This research main aim is Zanjan population main centers seismic spatial analysis. In this case uses ultra-available plans and present documents to analyze Zanjan active faults and mentioned county seismic widths. In continue study how establish and disperse population main residential places (Zanjan villages and cities). Finally by using ArcGIS software analytical abilities and layers overlapping analyzes how establish county cities and villages regarding to county seismic widths. Conducted studies revealed that of 22000 km2 Zanjan area 45% widths have high earthquake danger, 47% average and only 8% low danger. How disperse county cities and villages points according to 1390 census has shown 1015734 population in 7 counties, 16 parts, 16cities, 46 villages and 961 rural areas. By using ArcGIS software and layers overlapping has analyzed earthquake danger spatial analysis in population main center. Results reveal that of 16 urban residential places in Zanjan, 12 cities have placed in high earthquake danger width. Also of 46 villages, 25 ones are in high danger, 18 in average and 3 in low danger areas. Considerable share of burgess population are living in high earthquake danger widths. As of 626760 individual of burgess population 93.01 % area in high danger areas. 5.4% are in average and 1.5% in low danger areas. Earthquake danger spatial analysis in villages show that in county villages 52% population are in high danger, 41% in average and 7% in low danger widths. Also of 46 villages, 25 ones are in high danger, 18 in average and 3 in low danger areas.